Infection related to Klebsiella pneumoniae producing carbapenemase in renal transplant patients / Infección relacionada con Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa en pacientes trasplantados renales

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the risk factors related to Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase infection after renal transplantation. Methods: This was a retrospective epidemiological (case-control) study, conducted from October 2011 to march 2016. Transplanted patients with infection by this bacteria during hospitalization were selected as cases. The controls were paired by age, sex, type of donor and transplant time. The proportion of cases and controls was 1:2. Results: Thirty hundred and five patients were included in the study (45 cases and 90 controls). The risk factors found for infection by KPC were: time of hospitalization after the transplant (OR: 4.82; CI95% 2.46-9.44), delayed kidney function (OR: 5.60; CI95% 1.91-11.01) and previous infectious for another microorganism ( OR: 34.13 CI95% 3.52-132.00). Conclusion: The risk of acquisition of this bacterium was directly related to invasive procedures and exposure to the hospital environment. The findings reinforce the importance of prevention measures and control of infection by this microorganism.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la infección por Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasa después del trasplante renal. Método: Estudio retrospectivo epidemiológico (caso-control), realizado de octubre de 2011 a marzo de 2016. Pacientes transplantados con infección por esa bacteria durante la internación fueron seleccionados como casos. Los controles se parearon por edad, sexo, tipo de donante y tiempo de trasplante. La proporción de casos y controles fue de 1: 2. Resultados: Treinta y cinco pacientes fueron incluidos en el estudio (45 casos y 90 controles). Los factores de riesgo para la infección encontrados por KPC fueron: tiempo de hospitalización después del trasplante (OR: 4,82, IC95% 2,46-9,44), función renal retardada (OR: 5,60, IC95% 1, 91-11,01) y anterior infecciosa para otro microorganismo (OR: 34,13 IC95% 3,52-132,00). Conclusión: El riesgo de adquisición de esta bacteria estuvo directamente relacionado a procedimientos invasivos y exposición al ambiente hospitalario. Los hallazgos refuerzan la importancia de medidas de prevención y control de la infección por ese microorganismo.

Risk factors for and mortality of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli nosocomial bloodstream infections / Fatores de risco e mortalidade de infecções da corrente sanguínea por Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli produtores de beta-lactamase de espectro estendido

A case-control study, involving patients with positive blood cultures for Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) or Escherichia coli (EC) EC and controls with positive blood cultures for non-ESBL-KP or EC, was performed to assess risk factors for extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) production from nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs). Mortality among patients with BSIs was also assessed. The study included 145 patients (81, 59.5 percent with K. pneumoniae and 64, 44.1 percent with E. coli BSI); 51 (35.2 percent) isolates were ESBL producers and 94 (64.8 percent) nonproducers. Forty-five (55.6 percent) K. pneumoniae isolates were ESBL producers, while only six (9.4 percent) E. coli isolates produced the enzyme. Multivariate analysis showed that recent exposure to piperacillin-tazobactam (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] 6.2; 95 percentCI 1.1-34.7) was a risk factor for ESBL BSI. K. pneumoniae was significantly more likely to be an ESBL-producing isolate than E. coli (aOR 6.7; 95 percentCI 2.3-20.2). No cephalosporin class was independently associated with ESBLs BSI; however, in a secondary model considering all oxymino-cephalosporins as a single variable, a significant association was demonstrated (aOR 3.7; 95 percentCI 1.3-10.8). Overall 60-day mortality was significantly higher among ESBL-producing organisms. The finding that piperacillin-tazobactam use is a risk factor for ESBL-production in KP or EC BSIs requires attention, since this drug can be recommended to limit the use of third-generation cephalosporins.

Estudo de caso-controle, onde os casos foram pacientes com hemocultura positiva para Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) ou Escherichia coli (EC) produtores de beta lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) e os controles foram pacientes com hemoculturas positivas para EC ou KP não produtores de ESBL foi realizado para avaliar os fatores de risco para produção destas enzimas em infecções da corrente sanguínea (ICS). Mortalidade dos pacientes com ICS também foi avaliada. Foram incluídos 145 pacientes (81, 59,5 por cento tinham Klebsiella pneumoniae e 64, 44,1 por cento tinham Escherichia coli); 51 (35,2 por cento) isolados eram produtores de ESBL e 94 (64,8 por cento) eram não produtores. Quarenta e cinco (55,6 por cento) isolados de K. pneumoniae e somente seis (9,4 por cento) isolados de E. coli eram produtores de ESBL. Análise multivariada mostrou que exposição recente a piperacilina-tazobactam (OR ajustado [aOddsRatio] 6,2; 95 por cento Intervalo de Confiança [IC] 1,1-34,7) foi fator de risco para infecção da corrente sanguínea por ESBL. Foi significativamente maior a chance de K. pneumoniae ser um isolado produtor de ESBL do que E. coli o ser (aOR 6,7; 95 por cento CI 2,3-20,2). Nenhuma classe de cefalosporina foi independentemente associada com ESBL-ICS. No entanto, em um modelo secundário considerando todas as oximino-cefalosporinas como variável única, foi demonstrada associação significativa (aOR 3,7; 95 por cento IC 1,3-10,8). Mortalidade total em 60 dias foi significativamente maior entre isolados produtores de ESBL. O achado de piperacilina-tazobactam como fator de risco para produção de ESBL em ICS por KP ou EC requer atenção, uma vez que esta droga tem sido eventualmente recomendada para poupar o uso de cefalosporinas de terceira geração.

Rise in free intracellular calcium in HeLa cells infected with aggregative Klebsiella pneumoniae strains isolated from cases of diarrhoea.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Klebsiella pneumoniae strains occasionally cause diarrhoea in humans. This study was done to determine the involvement of calcium in the pathogenesis of aggregative K. pneumoniae strains. METHODS: A total of nine strains of K. pneumoniae were tested for adherence assay in HeLa cell line. A representative strain CO-1215 was used for [Ca2+]i study using Fura-2 fluorescence. RESULTS: Infection of cultured HeLa cells with aggregative K. pneumoniae strain resulted in five-fold elevation of intracellular level of free calcium ([Ca2+]i) with maximum Ca2+ influx at 3 h after bacterial infection. Chelation of extracellular Ca2+ with [ethylenebis(oxyethylenenitrile)] tetraacetic acid and suspension of cells in Ca2+ free buffer suggested that the rise of Ca2+ in aggregative K. pneumoniae infected HeLa cells was due to influx of Ca2+ from extracellular medium. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: This study showed aggregative adherence in HeLa cells and this adherence leads to influx of extracellular Ca2+. The unrestricted passage of calcium ions across cell membranes could cause phosphorylation of proteins involved in ion transport across the membrane, which could result in secretory diarrhoea. Further work is in progress to study the enterotoxicity of these strains in an in vitro rabbit intestinal model.